You can't get active gymnasts in these roles - they'd have to give up competing to film and other non-actor options would have been post-NCAA athletes who are much older and also don't look like teenage elites. I think everything you wrote is completely valid and a good point - the show infantilized way too many issues and it drove me bonkers.īut for generic scenes that had nothing to do with bodies, or growth, or etc, it used to drive me insane how many show watchers would complain that their bodies weren't "gymnastics accurate." Now for an actual value-add comment: I have the opposite complaint to make. I know this adds literally zero value to your post, but her name was Payson, not Payton. The actresses chosen were all conventionally very pretty and not going through any awkward phase, but I still remembered thinking how cool it is that tweens/young teens now have shows they can watch where the characters actually look and act their age. One of the things I loved about the Baby Sitters Club reboot (I had to watch it because I was obsessed with the books as a tween) was that the 13 year old characters weren't written as if they were years older and they were played by actual 13/14 year old actresses. 15 year old me would have been laughed out of a bar, not served a cocktail. But it really fucked me up when I was an awkward teenager and the girls "my age" on TV were played by hot twenty-somethings and were able to walk into bars/clubs unquestioned. I totally get the argument that adults are better able to advocate for themselves and the reasoning of preferring adult actors because they don't need to do school on set and there are less restrictions on how long they can film for. Yeah, this is what gets me about this issue as well. Like wtf is he just walking around pretending to be random people? If they had the ability to get him on set why not have him play himself when it would make more sense. Then in season two they have Karolyi play a character on an episode, but he’s not playing himself even though he’s the most famous coach ever and he 100% exists in the tv universe. In the first season Bela Karolyi is mentioned and his shitty coaching is remarked on (this was in 2010 so less was publicly known about the abuse). I know it’s a silly hill to die on by this show is so inaccurate so often that I’m kind of sick of it now (along with the constant relationship crap).Įdit: I know nobody’s gonna see this edit but I just can’t right now. There aren’t very many non crappy gymnastics shows so it matters more when the decent one out there messes up. I know tv shows are factually wrong all the time and teenage representation in tv is pretty bad but it just makes me mad that when It actually matters what the actors look like, they don’t pull through. We compare ourselves to the media we consume so when these comparisons aren’t equal they can do real harm (to self image, esteem, etc). Actual teens don’t get much representation on the shows they watch and it’s a problem outside of this show. It doubt it feels good to see an adult say they’re like you and are at the same place in life when they’re not. I just think it’s harmful to portray adults as prepubescent teens when the audience is prepubescent teens and older. I feel like the show jokes around with these serious problems but never actually says anything meaningful. Not to mention it was only mentioned in one episode and immediately resolved (so far, I’m in season 2 of 3). Overtraining to the point of starting puberty late is a real issue in gymnastics and I really wish that they had taken it more seriously. People who haven’t gone through puberty don’t look like adult women, they look like more like children and should be portrayed as such. I can understand if they were to say that she’s already had her period but doesn’t get it anymore and had a growth spurt because she wasn’t training. The show is ignoring the actress and not putting any actual thought into its actions. The shows acts as if Payson hasn’t gone through puberty at all. All of the characters have boobs and curves that wouldn’t be there if they hadn’t gone through puberty. So there’s this whole plot point in the gymnastics tv show Make it or Break it about puberty and how Payson (the character in question) hasn’t gone through it yet.
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Note: You can also use this with connected braille displays and touch gestures on a touchscreen to hear the names of the functions. Your keyboard will say the name of any key or key combination you press, and explain what the keyboard shortcut does. Turn on Learn Mode (Hear the names of the keys on your keyboard) Important: Depending on your keyboard, you can press the Search key or the Launcher key for some shortcuts. Form controls: List of buttons or forms on a web page.Landmark: List of landmarks on the web page.Heading: List of headings on the web page.You can use the ChromeVox menu lists to navigate a web page. Actions: List of touch-specific options.ChromeVox: List of several ChromeVox shortcuts that includes the ChromeVox Tutorial and Learn Mode.Speech: List of speech shortcuts that includes how to increase or decrease the speech rate and pitch.Jump: List of all of the ChromeVox shortcuts.Search: Type into the bar to find a list of results from any of the ChromeVox menus.To open a specific item from a list, press the up or down arrow and then press Enter. The command and search model is optimized for short audio clips, such as voice commands or voice searches. The default and command and search recognition models support all available languages. Launcher + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Down arrow Cloud Speech-to-Text offers multiple recognition models, each tuned to different audio types. Search + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Down arrow (or) Search + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Up arrow (or) Launcher + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Right arrow Search + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Right arrow (or) Launcher + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Left arrow Search + Alt + Shift + Ctrl + Left arrow (or) To move your cursor from its current location in a table, press Search + Ctrl + Alt or press Launcher + Ctrl + Alt and use the arrow keys to move one cell up, down, left, or right. To start, make sure your cursor is in the table. You can move around tables using keyboard shortcuts. Important: Depending on your keyboard, you can press the Search key or Launcher key for some shortcuts. Press and hold Ctrl, tap Forward or Back until a tab is selected. Switch windows between screens (when your Chromebook is connected to a monitor) Type a web address (URL) in the address bar, then press Alt + Enter Go to previous page in your browsing history Press & hold Shift + Alt, tap Tab until you get to the window you want to open, then release. Press & hold Alt, tap Tab until you get to the window you want to open, then release. If you love it, keep it for as little as $2.99 per week. We take your privacy seriously and will make sure to update you with transparent and clear updated TOS and Privacy Policy.įor added functionality, try Voilà AI Artist Pro subscription service completely free for 3 days and enjoy no watermark and no ads. Voilà AI Artist is the first product created with love by WEmagine.ai, a team of 2 founders, creative and technology enthusiasts who love to create something wonderful by combining the best of Human and AI 's best capabilities. Have a little LOL-tastic moment, getting your photo drawn as a hilarious caricature Get your very own Royalty Cartoon drawing, or maybe a Baby Cartoon version of yourself Turn your selfie into 3D Cartoon out of animated movies Get yourself painted as 15th century, 18th century and 20th century paintings For example, the app may be able to discern where you took a photo that you uploaded.Oh hello there! Welcome to Voilà AI Artist, a special little app that turns your photos into stunning pieces of art such as 3D Cartoon, Renaissance Painting, Hand Drawn Caricature by combining Human's creativity and Artificial Intelligence's capabilities. In the case of Voilà, metadata could comprise some concerning things, such as geographical location. Metadata is essentially details that provide information on other data, giving structured references and explaining the data in question. But there is still residual information that can be harvested here. In fact, Voilà allegedly deletes these photos within 24 to 48 hours after they are uploaded by the user. The company also claims that it does not store your photos for further use. On its official website, Voilà claims not to collect any kind of biometric data associated with your face or the faces of the people in the photos you upload. While photos of pets or friends may seem harmless, they can be exploited in certain scenarios if the platform is malicious or not well-secured. When you upload a photo to the Voilà app, you're handing over some of your data. You can apply some of the styles instantly, while others require that you either watch an ad or sign up for Voilà's premium app version.īut security concerns go beyond simple permissions risks with Voilà. Simply upload your desired photo, wait for the app to process the conversion, and then choose from an array of different styles. We'll discuss the safety of this a little later.Īs the screenshots above show, the process of using Voilà is very straightforward. So, how is this done?Īs is the case with all photo editing apps, you'll need to grant Voilà access to your gallery in order to upload pictures. In a matter of seconds, you can get yourself an adorable animated picture of a pet, a wholesome sketch of the family, or a similarly satisfying result. Voilà lets you convert your standard photos to 2D and animations, as well as sketches, and various painting styles. If you want to totally edit the style of your photos, Voilà can come in handy. Sometimes, we want to add a little something extra to our pictures that goes beyond a simple filter. Voilà is an AI artist app that you can use to transform your photos. We’re conducting our own research into manifestations of harmful bias and broader issues in fairness and representation, which will help inform our work via improved documentation of existing models as well as various improvements to future models.We’re working closely with users to understand their use cases and develop tools to surface and intervene to mitigate harmful bias.We’ve developed usage guidelines that help developers understand and address potential safety issues. Here are the steps we’re taking to address these issues: As we discuss in the GPT-3 paper and model card, our API models do exhibit biases that will be reflected in generated text. Mitigating negative effects such as harmful bias is a hard, industry-wide issue that is extremely important. We have tens of thousands of applicants for this program already and are currently prioritizing applications focused on fairness and representation research. We’re starting with a very limited number of researchers at this time and already have some results from our academic partners at Middlebury Institute, University of Washington, and Allen Institute for AI. We are also continuing to conduct research into the potential misuses of models served by the API, including with third-party researchers via our academic access program. Constraints that can make generative use cases safer include systems design that keeps a human in the loop, end user access restrictions, post-processing of outputs, content filtration, input/output length limitations, active monitoring, and topicality limitations. Open-ended applications of the API (i.e., ones that enable frictionless generation of large amounts of customizable text via arbitrary prompts) are especially susceptible to misuse. One key factor we consider in approving uses of the API is the extent to which an application exhibits open-ended versus constrained behavior with regard to the underlying generative capabilities of the system. As we gain more experience operating the API in practice, we will continually refine the categories of use we are able to support, both to broaden the range of applications we can support, and to create finer-grained categories for those we have misuse concerns about. We terminate API access for use cases that are found to cause (or are intended to cause) physical, emotional, or psychological harm to people, including but not limited to harassment, intentional deception, radicalization, astroturfing, or spam, as well as applications that have insufficient guardrails to limit misuse by end users. In production reviews, we evaluate applications across a few axes, asking questions like: Is this a currently supported use case?, How open-ended is the application?, How risky is the application?, How do you plan to address potential misuse?, and Who are the end users of your application?. We have a mandatory production review process before proposed applications can go live. For the API, we’re able to better prevent misuse by limiting access to approved customers and use cases. With GPT-2, one of our key concerns was malicious use of the model (e.g., for disinformation), which is difficult to prevent once a model is open sourced. When creating your new reminder, you can type just a to-do-item title, but you can also assign a day and time to it if you like. But if the capability sounds at all interesting and worthwhile to you, I encourage you to give it a try-after a few days, these sequences become second nature.) (If you’re new to LaunchBar, this may all sound a bit complicated. Once you’ve selected the list you want, press Spacebar to bring up a text-entry box for creating a new reminder. Then just use the arrow keys to browse your individual iCloud Reminders lists. To create a new reminder, bring up LaunchBar and start typing Reminders to focus on the Reminders app. The frosty theme is my favorite, because it takes some cues from iOS 7 (and Yosemite), and is just slightly transparent. The new design also has options for bright, dark, frosty, small, and Yosemite themes. It’s bigger, bolder, more readable, and more beautiful than before. The company’s website offers aĬomplete list of what’s new-there’s a lot there-but I’ll cover a few of the new features that I think are the most notable.Ī new look The most obvious new feature of LaunchBar 6 is the look. LaunchBar 6 is the utility’s most handsome update yet, and it is also one of the most significant. Objective Development also offers a “Relaxware” trial: You can use LaunchBar for free, with full access to all the features and functions, but the app can only be accessed every so often, making you take a “break” between your time using it. Instead, I’ll focus on what’s new in version 6.Ĭosts $29 for a single license or $48 for a five-computer family license current users can upgrade for $19 or $29, respectively. The app also offers scores-hundreds?-of other features and actions, too many to get into here, but Macworld hasįeatures in reviews of previous versions we’ve also published aĬouple videos full of usage tips and tricks. In addition to the basics of launching apps, there are three other features I use constantly: LaunchBar’s “Instant Send” feature, the ability to dive into and act on documents, and Clipboard History, which tracks recent clipboard contents, letting you browse and paste any with a few key presses. On the right, you can see that I simply typed the letter P. 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Your right to use any Map, Digital File, or this Website is subject to revocation at will by the Website Owner, in its discretion, if the Owner believes or learns that You have failed to comply with this Agreement, or for any other reason provided, if you comply with all terms and provisions of this Agreement, the Website Owner shall not require that You pay any additional amounts, beyond the amount paid, if any, for Your download, storage and use of any Map and Digital File in accordance with this Agreement. You agree that you will not use any trademark, service mark, trade name, logo or design contained in any Map or Digital File, in a manner that is likely to cause confusion, mistake or deception. 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(e) scan or convert any hard copy of a Map to digital data or.(d) remove or alter any proprietary rights notices (including copyright and trademark notices) which may be contained in any Map or Digital File.(c) disassemble, modify, translate, or decompile the Digital File, or application programs or code embedded in the Digital File.(b) sell, trade, resell, license, transmit or distribute the Digital File, or any adaptation, derivative or part thereof.(a) copy or reproduce the Digital File, except to the extent strictly necessary for Your uses in (i) through (v) above and to retain a single back-up copy.Provided, You must include the Website Owner’s copyright notice (©2011-2014 in all copies and displays. (v) use the Map or Digital File in multimedia presentations or applications or in a broadcast medium, such as on television or in a website, at a resolution no greater than 1280 x 720 at 720p (iv) distribute hard copies of the Map, but not any Digital File of the Map and (iii) reproduce, copy, duplicate, modify, adapt, and create derivative works of hard copies of the Map, but not the Digital File of the Map (ii) print hard copies of the Map, of any size and quality, from the Digital File (i) download and store on a single computer, and use on a single computer by one user at a time, any digital file (“Digital File”) made available to You for download representing any map (“Map”) of the Website You may, on a non-exclusive and non-transferable basis. THIS IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU AND THE WEBSITE OWNER, MAPS OF THE PAST, LLC. BY YOUR SIGNATURE BELOW BY CLICK ON THE “ACCEPT” BUTTON, YOU ACCEPT THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREE TO BE LEGALLY BOUND BY ALL TERMS AND CONDITIONS. IMPORTANT: PRIOR TO DOWNLOAD, PURCHASE, STORAGE OR USE OF ANY MAP OF THIS WEBSITE, YOU MUST ACCEPT THIS AGREEMENT. Because of this, the eyes emoji can sometimes be seen as pervy, but in a self-aware way. Some of these situations might be inappropriate, like asking intrusive sexual questions to a stranger. This emoji can also be used in conjunction with sexual questions that are of great interest to the asker. Installed RES but couldnt see the Shifty Man anywhere. Below you'll find a comprehensive list to help you learn more about Alt Codes. okay, Ive squinted at that for a while now and still cant see what it is. There are numbers all different kinds of codes, from those drivers use in a truckers report forum to Alt codes like those found here. This emoji also can be said to express thirst, a slang term meaning “desire,” toward an attractive person. OP, RES is an add on for your browser that adds a few nice features in Reddit, including a nice button to throw that face into your comment box. How to type the sad eyes emoji using keyboard To type Disappointed Face Emoji using your keyboard, you can use the Alt code within the shortcode area. □ All In The Details □ #HardenVol3 VOYAGER out now: /SoyQmIcvWQ For example, a blogger might post that they only need nine more followers to reach their next milestone, followed by the eyes emoji. On other posts, this can seem more prodding. In this context, the eyes emoji becomes shorthand for “Pay attention to this!” or “Look at this!” This usage stays very true to the fact that the emoji is a pair of eyes. Some social-media users might place the eyes emoji next to a link or statement they want to highlight or promote. When used in situations where political figures or celebrities are concerned, the eyes emoji can be used to highlight a ridiculous comment or action. If your friend says that they left their dog in a hot car during the summer, you might respond with “What?” followed by the eyes emoji. In this same vein, it can be used to express disbelief or disapproval at a situation. In more direct confrontations, the eyes emoji is good for drawing attention to concerning behavior, albeit in a somewhat judgmental way. People who use the eyes emoji in this way are thrilled to be bystanders and relish observing drama as it happens.Īh, they grow up so fast! #PrincessCharlotte has already perfected the art of side eye at such a young age. In this case, it’s almost like the emoji equivalent of munching on some popcorn while watching conflict unfold. For example, a Twitter user might upload a screenshot of a heated situation where strong words are exchanged and caption it with the eyes emoji. The eyes emoji is great for situations that involve drama, especially when the person using it is very much enjoying that drama. Number of electrons = 3 = Atomic number of Lithium Now, we will calculate the number of electrons for the Lithium atom.Īctually, the number of electrons, as well as protons in an atom, is the same, as they both are equal to the atomic number of the atom. In the above diagram, p + = protons & n° = neutrons. Using these values we will draw the nucleus of the Lithium atom. Hence, number of neutrons in the Lithium atom = 4 Number of neutrons in the Lithium atom = 7 – 3 = 4 Now, finding the number of neutrons by applying the formula: Looking at the Lithium box that we drew above, we can say that the atomic mass of the Lithium atom is 6.938.Īfter rounding it up to the nearest whole number we get 7.Īlso, as calculated above, the number of protons in the Lithium atom is 3. Number of neutrons = Atomic mass (rounding it up to the nearest whole number) – Number of protons The following formula can be used for calculating the number of neutrons in an atom Therefore, for the Lithium atom, the number of protons = atomic number = 3įurther, we will calculate the number of neutrons present in the Lithium atom. In the case of the Lithium atom, the atomic number is 3. The number of protons for any atom is always equal to the atomic number of that atom. Let us begin by drawing the nucleus for the Lithium atom, for which we will have to calculate the number of protons and neutrons in the Lithium atom.įirst, we will calculate the number of protons Now, we can draw the Bohr model of the Lithium atom with the help of this information. Lithium has electronic configuration 2s 1.The information that we can derive from the above-mentioned Lithium box is as follows: Lithium belongs to group 1 and period 2 of the periodic table. The Lithium atom consists of 3 protons and 4 neutrons in the nucleus, and 3 electrons revolve around the Lithium atom in 2 shells i.e. The electron that absorbs energy jumps upwards while the electron that loses energy jumps downward The electrons are also capable of jumping up and down from their orbits into the higher or lower orbit, respectively. Similarly, the electrons housed in the shell farthest from the nucleus (here, the name of the shell may differ with the type of atom) have the highest energy and are called, valence electrons, while the shell is known as the valence shell the K shell are said to be in the ground state, similar to their assigned shell they also carry maximum energy out of all the electrons. The electrons located in the shell nearest to the nucleus i.e. The electron carrying capacity of the shell also increases outwards The innermost shell is assigned the lowest value which increases outwards i.e. The shells are also given names in numerological as well as alphabetical order. Usually, the smallest shell, located nearest to the atom has the least energy while the largest and farthest shell has maximum energy. These are pre-determined paths and have fixed energies associated with them due to which they are also known as energy levels. Shells: The electrons move around the atoms in their orbits, known as shells.They are not stagnant like other atomic particles and circulate around the nucleus. Electrons: The only type of atomic particles present outside the nucleus in the atomic space.Neutrons: These are also located inside the nucleus but are charge-neutral species.Protons: These are located inside the nucleus and confer a positive charge to it.The other atomic particles present in the nucleus are neutrons. It exhibits a positive charge owing to its constituent particles i.e.
After cooking for 3 hours, use tongs to lift the cooked chicken breasts out of the pot.Place the lid on the Crock Pot and set to cook on High for 5 hours.Pour the condensed chicken broth and water into the Crock Pot.Pour the cream of chicken soup mixture over the chicken breasts in the Crock Pot.Add the salt, pepper, garlic powder, onion powder and ground sage to the bowl with the soup.Pour the condensed cream of chicken soup into a mixing bowl.Place the chicken breasts in a single layer on top of the diced onions.Dump diced onions into the bottom of the Crock Pot and spread them out.How to Make Crock Pot Chicken and Dumplings: 12 oz Pillsbury refrigerated buttermilk biscuits (10 biscuits).3 x 10.5 oz cans condensed cream of chicken soup.1.5 lbs boneless, skinless chicken breasts.PRINTABLE VERSION OF THE RECIPE CAN BE FOUND AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE Ingredients You’ll Need to Make These Crock Pot Chicken and Dumplings: Instant Pot Chicken and Dumplings with Cheese and Bacon If you are looking for a simple and delicious slow cooker chicken recipe, then you need to try these Crock Pot Chicken and Dumplings! These creamy chicken and dumplings are sure to please the whole family. Then I placed the lid back on the Crock Pot and left the dish to continue cooking until the 5 hour mark, stirring a couple of times throughout to break apart any biscuit pieces that were sticking together.Īfter 5 hours I stirred the chicken and dumplings well one more time. I stirred until all of the biscuit pieces were coated in the liquid. Then I added the biscuit pieces to the pot. I opened a package of Pillsbury refrigerated biscuits and cut each biscuit into eight pieces. Then I added some frozen mixed vegetables to the pot. Then I returned the shredded chicken to the slow cooker. Then I placed the lid on the pot and set the Crock Pot to cook for 5 hours on High.Īfter 3 hours of cooking time, I used tongs to lift the cooked chicken breasts out of the pot and place them on a cutting board. I poured some condensed chicken broth and water into the Crock Pot next. Then I poured the cream of chicken soup mixture over the chicken breasts in the Crock Pot. Then I added some salt, pepper, garlic powder, onion powder and ground sage to the bowl. I dumped three cans of condensed cream of chicken soup into a mixing bowl. Then I placed some boneless, skinless chicken breasts in a single layer on top of the diced onions. To make this chicken dish, I started by dumping some diced onions into the bottom of my 6 quart Crock Pot. Printable Recipe Card with a Full List of Ingredients and Instructions is Located at the Bottom of the Post.īe sure to read through the entire post so that you don’t miss out on any important tips and tricks! This slow cooker recipe takes just over five hours from start to finish and serves four people. This easy chicken and dumplings recipe uses Pillsbury refrigerated biscuits, condensed cream of chicken soup and frozen mixed vegetables. Step 5Īllow the chicken and dumplings to cook uncovered for 10 minutes, then put the lid back on the slow cooker and allow it to cook for an additional 10 minutes.Crock Pot Chicken and Dumplings is an easy slow cooker dinner recipe loaded with chicken breast, veggies and Pillsbury biscuit dough dumplings all in a creamy sauce.Ĭrock Pot Chicken and Dumplings is the perfect comfort food for cold weather. Step 4ĭrop the dumplings into the chicken soup portion by spoonfuls. Step 3Īdd the wet ingredients to the dry ingredients and whisk together. To make the dumplings, whisk together all of the dry ingredients in a medium mixing bowl. When your chicken portion is ready, it’s time to make the dumplings. Put the lid on the slow cooker and turn it onto high for 4 hours or low for 8. In the slow cooker, combine chicken, celery, carrot, spices and all other ingredients except those necessary for the dumplings. How to Make This Slow Cooker Chicken and Dumplings Step 1 Seriously, anyone can make these, as long as you can follow some basic cooking instructions. This is a very simple chicken recipe that’s no-fail. So, grab your chicken and veggies and let’s get our chicken and dumplings on! What You Need To Make Slow Cooker Chicken and Dumplings Heck, it looses all the heat it needs if you do! It’s the shortcut of appliances–and so easy to use, you don’t have to stand over it and stir it. That’s the whole point of cooking in the crock pot. I mean, coming home to that?! It’s like coming home to a big-ole hug from grandma.Īnd, when you cook with the slow cooker, you know that it’s not going to require a lot of effort. Drop it in the crock pot in the morning–then come home from work to yummy dinner ready to go!Īnd its one of the most comforting meals you can enjoy on a cold evening. I adore how easy this recipe is for Slow Cooker Chicken and Dumplings. Furthermore, an increasing number of patients suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (according to the United States National Center for PTSD 7 or 8 out of 100 people will experience PTSD at some point in their live 1). Indeed, forgetting “negative” experiences and emphasizing “good” memories may help coping with life and generating optimism ( Nørby, 2018). However, in cases of traumatic experiences or negatively connotated “bad” memories, forgetting may be highly welcome. Usually, “normal” forgetting ( Nørby, 2018), such as forgetting information without significance, is not referred to as retrograde amnesia although the mechanisms underlying forgetting and retrograde amnesia may not be distinct.įorgetting relevant information and memory loss commonly have negative connotations. Memories can be affected by retrograde amnesia generally but also distinct types of memories such as associative memories may be selectively compromised. Traumatic events can be a direct impact by injury, viral or bacterial infections, malnutrition (Korsakoff’s syndrome), or psychoactive drugs and also psychogenic experiences (for review, see Squire and Alvarez, 1995). Retrograde amnesia may be caused by a single specific traumatic event or it may accompany brain disorders or malfunctions. Retrograde amnesia is the backward loss of memories and is distinguished from forward anterograde amnesia, which is the inability to acquire new memories. The possibility to elicit retrograde amnesia in a controlled manner allows to investigate the underlying mechanisms and may provide a deeper understanding of the molecular and circuit processes of memory. Therefore, neuronal loss of neuroplastin may block the retrieval and storage of associative memories by interference with Ca 2+ signaling cascades. Neuroplastin is tightly linked to the expression of the main Ca 2+ extruding pumps, the plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs). Recently, we observed that neuronal loss of neuroplastin resulted in retrograde amnesia specifically for associative memories. In this review, I will discuss a new genetic approach to induce retrograde amnesia in a mouse model and raise the hypothesis that retrograde amnesia is caused by altered intracellular calcium homeostasis. External or internal impacts like traumatic brain injury, stroke, or electroconvulsive treatments may similarly result in variable degrees of retrograde amnesia. Apart from models and diseases in which neurodegeneration or dementia like Alzheimer’s disease result in loss of memory, retrograde amnesia can be elicited by various drugs of which alcohol is the most prominent one and exemplifies the non-specific effects and the variable duration. In contrast to the many experimental models addressing learning deficits caused by anterograde amnesia, the incapability to acquire new information, retrograde amnesia could so far only be investigated sporadically in human patients and in a limited number of model systems. In general, memories and learning are associated with a positive connotation although the extinction of unpleasant experiences and memories of traumatic events may be highly welcome. Loss of memories may be caused in two ways: either by loss/erasure of the memory itself or by the inability to access the memory, which is still present. Often, the trigger for retrograde amnesia is a traumatic event. The successful acquisition and memory of information is required before retrograde amnesia may occur. Psychotherapy may be necessary when the amnesia is due to a psychologic reaction.Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events or information. The recovery is often gradual, the memory slowly reclaiming isolated events while others are still missing. In another form, only certain isolated events are lost to memory.Īmnesia victims usually have a good chance of recovery if there is no irreparable brain damage. When amnesia results from a single physical or psychologic incident, such as a concussion suffered in an accident or a severe emotional shock, the victim may forget only the incident itself the victim may be unable to recall events occurring before or after the incident or the order of events may be confused, with recent events imputed to the past and past events to recent times. Rarely is the memory completely obliterated. The technical term for this is repression. Psychologic factors may also cause amnesia a shocking or unacceptable situation may be too painful to remember, and the situation is then retained only in the subconscious mind. Amnesia is usually the result of physical damage to areas of the brain from injury, disease, or alcoholism. |
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